Recalcitrant rice blast disease is caused by , which has a significant negative economic reverberation on crop productivity. In order to induce the disease onto the host, positively generates many types of small secreted proteins, here named as effectors, to manipulate the host cell for the purpose of stimulating pathogenic infection. In , by engaging with specific receptors on the cell surface, effectors activate signaling channels which control an array of cellular activities, such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The most recent research on effector identification, classification, function, secretion, and control mechanism has been compiled in this review. In addition, the article also discusses directions and challenges for future research into an effector in .
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom13111650 | DOI Listing |
Sci Rep
December 2024
Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Madison, WI, 53711, USA.
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of the interferon gene (cGAS-STING) signaling pathway is considered an essential pattern recognition and effector pathway in the natural immune system and is mainly responsible for recognizing DNA molecules present in the cytoplasm and activating downstream signaling pathways to generate type I interferons (IFN-I) and other inflammatory factors. STING, a crucial junction protein in the innate immune system, exerts an essential role in host resistance to external pathogen invasion. The DNA introduced by pathogens or tumors is recognized by the cytoplasmic nucleic acid receptor cGAS, and a second messenger, cGAMP, is generated using intracellular guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
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December 2024
Advanced Research and Innovation Center (ARIC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
The fourth industrial revolution witnessed significant advancements in automating numerous aircraft inspection tasks. Still, certain critical procedures continue to rely on manual execution, including the aero-engine blade weighing process. This task is of paramount importance for blade mass inspection and engine dynamic balancing.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCancer Lett
December 2024
Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System Cancer Center, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Research Unit, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. Electronic address:
The oncoimmunology research has witnessed notable advancements in recent years. Reshaping the tumor microenvironment (TME) approach is an effective method to improve antitumor immune response. The T cell-mediated antitumor response is crucial for favorable therapeutic outcomes in several cancers.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPlant Cell Environ
December 2024
State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves as the primary site for protein biosynthesis and processing, with ER homeostasis being essential for the survival of plant cells. Numerous studies have underscored the pivotal role of the ER as a battleground for host-pathogen interactions. Pathogens secrete effectors to subvert the host ER and manipulate ER-mediated defense responses, fostering an infection-permissive environment for their proliferation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPlant Commun
December 2024
State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China. Electronic address:
The chemical modification of DNA and proteins is an efficient way of regulating molecular and biological function and affects a plethora of signalling pathways in eukaryotes. Similarly, recent progress in epitranscriptomics shows that RNA modifications also play crucial roles in diverse biological processes. Since their discovery in the 1970s, scientists have attempted to decipher the identity and functions of these modifications in different biological systems.
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