Proton Pump Inhibitors and Kidney Disease: An Intertwined Relationship.

Many patients with kidney disease are taking proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) for various gastrointestinal conditions. There are concerns about inappropriate usage of PPIs with unknown consequences, which include worsening kidney function. PPI use has been associated with kidney damage; however, a clear etiology of the association is uncertain. Potential mechanisms theorized for PPI-induced kidney damage include hypersensitivity, hypomagnesemia, gut microbiota alterations, uremic toxins, gastrointestinal hormones, and oxidative stress. Patients with kidney disease who are taking long-term PPI therapy require close monitoring for any signs and symptoms of kidney disease. Improper use of PPIs should also be reassessed and de-prescribed as indicated.