Having the highest ozone-depleting potential among hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), the production and consumption of HCFC-141b (1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane, CHCClF) are controlled by the Montreal Protocol. A renewed rise in global HCFC-141b emissions was found during 2017-2020; however, the latest changes in emissions across China are unclear for this period. This study used the FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model and the Bayesian framework to quantify HCFC-141b emissions based on atmospheric measurements from more sites across China than those used in previous studies. Results show that the estimated HCFC-141b emissions during 2018-2020 were on average 19.4 (17.3-21.6) Gg year, which was 3.9 (0.9-7.0) Gg year higher than those in 2017 (15.5 [13.4-17.6] Gg year), showing a renewed rise. The proportion of global emissions that could not be exactly traced in 2020 was reduced from about 70% reported in previous studies to 46% herein. This study reconciled the global emission rise of 3.0 ± 1.2 Gg year (emissions in 2020 - emissions in 2017): China's HCFC-141b emissions changed by 4.3 ± 4.5 Gg year, and the combined emissions from North Korea, South Korea, western Japan, Australia, northwestern Europe, and the United States changed by -2.2 ± 2.6 Gg year, while those from other countries/regions changed by 0.9 ± 5.3 Gg year.
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Inverse Modeling Revealed Reversed Trends in HCFC-141b Emissions for China during 2018-2020.
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College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China.
Having the highest ozone-depleting potential among hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), the production and consumption of HCFC-141b (1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane, CHCClF) are controlled by the Montreal Protocol. A renewed rise in global HCFC-141b emissions was found during 2017-2020; however, the latest changes in emissions across China are unclear for this period. This study used the FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model and the Bayesian framework to quantify HCFC-141b emissions based on atmospheric measurements from more sites across China than those used in previous studies.
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College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China; Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Electronic address:
Global concentrations (or mole fractions) and emissions of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and their hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs) substitutes that are controlled by the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments and adjustments (MP) are of great interest to both the scientific community and public. Previous studies on global concentrations and emissions have mostly relied on ground-based observations. Here, we assess the global concentrations and emissions of eight MP controlled substances and methyl chloride from ACE-FTS (Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment high-resolution infrared Fourier transform spectrometer) satellite observations: CFC-11 (CFCl), CFC-12 (CFCl), CCl, HCFC-22 (CHClF), HCFC-141b (CHClF), HCFC-142b (CHClF), HFC-23 (CHF), HFC-134a (CHF), and CHCl.
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School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Global emissions of the ozone-depleting gas HCFC-141b (1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane, CHCClF) derived from measurements of atmospheric mole fractions increased between 2017 and 2021 despite a fall in reported production and consumption of HCFC-141b for dispersive uses. HCFC-141b is a controlled substance under the Montreal Protocol, and its phase-out is currently underway, after a peak in reported consumption and production in developing (Article 5) countries in 2013. If reported production and consumption are correct, our study suggests that the 2017-2021 rise is due to an increase in emissions from the bank when appliances containing HCFC-141b reach the end of their life, or from production of HCFC-141b not reported for dispersive uses.
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State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. Electronic address:
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