Noise-induced escape of a self-propelled particle from metastable orbits.

Active particles, like motile microorganisms and active colloids, are often found in confined environments where they can be arrested in a persistent orbital motion. Here, we investigate noise-induced switching between different coexisting orbits of a confined active particle as a stochastic escape problem. We show that, in the low-noise regime, this problem can be formulated as a least-action principle, which amounts to finding the most probable escape path from an orbit to the basin of attraction of another coexisting orbit. The corresponding action integral coincides with the activation energy, a quantity readily accessible in experiments and simulations via escape rate data. To illustrate how this approach can be used to tackle specific problems, we calculate optimum escape paths and activation energies for noise-induced transitions between clockwise and counterclockwise circular orbits of an active particle in radially symmetric confinement. We also investigated transitions between orbits of different topologies (ovals and lemniscates) coexisting in elliptic confinement. In all worked examples, the calculated optimum paths and minimum actions are in excellent agreement with mean-escape-time data obtained from direct numerical integration of the Langevin equations.