Confinement of topological excitations into particle-like states - typically associated with theories of elementary particles - are known to occur in condensed matter systems, arising as domain-wall confinement in quantum spin chains. However, investigation of confinement in the condensed matter setting has rarely ventured beyond lattice spin systems. Here we analyze the confinement of sine-Gordon solitons into mesonic bound states in a perturbed quantum sine-Gordon model. The latter describes the scaling limit of a one-dimensional, quantum electronic circuit (QEC) array, constructed using experimentally-demonstrated QEC elements. The scaling limit is reached faster for the QEC array compared to spin chains, allowing investigation of the strong-coupling regime of this model. We compute the string tension of confinement of sine-Gordon solitons and the changes in the low-lying energy spectrum. These results, obtained using the density matrix renormalization group method, could be verified in a quench experiment using state-of-the-art QEC technologies.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43107-3 | DOI Listing |
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