Calculating the entropy for complex systems is a significant problem in science and engineering problems. However, this calculation is usually computationally expensive when the entropy is computed directly. This paper introduces three classes of information sources that for all members of each class, the entropy value is the same. These classes are characterized according to special dynamics created by three kinds of self-mappings on Ω, and , where Ω is a probability space and is a finite set. An approximation of rank variables of the product of information sources is made, and it is proved that the topological entropy of the product of two information sources is equal to the summation of their topological entropies.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02664763.2022.2101631 | DOI Listing |
J Am Chem Soc
January 2025
Department of Chemistry, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
Epoxides are versatile chemical intermediates that are used in the manufacture of diversified industrial products. For decades, thermochemical conversion has long been employed as the primary synthetic route. However, it has several drawbacks, such as harsh and explosive operating conditions, as well as a significant greenhouse gas emissions problem.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDatabase (Oxford)
January 2025
Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels 1090, Belgium.
The European Union's ban on animal testing for cosmetic products and their ingredients, combined with the lack of validated animal-free methods, poses challenges in evaluating their potential repeated-dose organ toxicity. To address this, innovative strategies like Next-Generation Risk Assessment (NGRA) are being explored, integrating historical animal data with new mechanistic insights from non-animal New Approach Methodologies (NAMs). This paper introduces the TOXIN knowledge graph (TOXIN KG), a tool designed to retrieve toxicological information on cosmetic ingredients, with a focus on liver-related data.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Adv
January 2025
Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
Heteroarene skeletal editing is gaining popularity in synthetic chemistry. Transmuting single atoms generates molecules that have distinctly varied properties, thereby fostering potent molecular exchanges that can be extensively used to synthesize functional molecules. Herein, we present a convenient protocol for nitrogen-carbon single-atom transmutations in isoquinolines, which is inspired by the Wittig reaction and enables easy access to substituted naphthalene derivatives.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIntegr Environ Assess Manag
January 2025
Industrieverband Agrar e. V. (IVA), Wissenschaft und Innovation, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Current publications that are shaping public perception repeatedly claim that residues of plant protection products (PPP) in the environment demonstrate gaps in assessing the exposure and effects of PPP, allegedly revealing the inability of the European regulatory system to prevent environmental contamination and damage such as biodiversity decline. The hypothesis is that environmental risk assessments rely on inappropriate predictive models that underestimate exposure and do not explicitly account for the impact of combinations of environmental stressors and physiological differences in stress responses. This article puts this criticism into context to allow for a more balanced evaluation of the European regulatory system for PPP.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Agric Food Chem
January 2025
Institute of Nanfan and Seed Industry, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510220, People's Republic of China.
Aquatic biomass, particularly microalgae and duckweed, presents a promising and sustainable alternative source of plant-based protein and bioactive compounds for food and feed applications. This review highlights the nutritional potential of these aquatic species, focusing on their high protein content, rapid growth rates, and adaptability to nonarable environments. Microalgae, such as and spp.
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