Expansive soils are one of the most problematic soils faced by civil engineers in various construction activities. It has the property to swell with the addition of water and shrink on water removal. The volume change behavior of expansive soil occurs vastly during seasonal changes in moisture conditions and can be significantly attenuated by chemically stabilizing the soil. In this study, calcium lignosulphonate (LS), a biopolymer, is added to the soil to curtail the swelling nature of the soil. Lime (L) is also used to treat the soil, and a comparative study is carried out to examine the effectiveness of LS. The expansive soil is treated with several combinations of cushion layers with 1.5% LS, 2% L, 4% L, and combination of 1.5% LS and 2% lime. To counter the swell pressure of the expansive soil, the treated soil and additive composites are placed as a cushion layer over the expansive soil with the replacement ratio of 1:1 and 1:2, represented as configuration "a" and "b." The swelling pressure of the proposed arrangement is evaluated through the constant volume swell apparatus. The soil layers are inundated from the bottom upwards, and the swell pressure is determined for the various configuration adopted. The effectiveness of the stabilized soil cushion over expansive soil is analyzed through the numerical software PLAXIS 2D for further extension to field conditions. As the replacement thickness of stabilized soil increases, the swell pressure decreases. Nevertheless, the lime-treated soil layer depicted lesser swell than the LS-treated soils. Analyzing the conditions for field situations in numerical analysis yielded consistent results with the laboratory inferences.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30448-1 | DOI Listing |
Int J Phytoremediation
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Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.
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View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Adv
January 2025
Department of Geography and Spatial Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
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Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America.
Through their expansive mycelium network, soil fungi alter the physical arrangement and chemical composition of their local environment. This can significantly impact bacterial distribution and nutrient transport and can play a dramatic role in shaping the rhizosphere around a developing plant. However, direct observation and quantitation of such behaviors is extremely difficult due to the opacity and complex porosity of the soil microenvironment.
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Neglected Tropical Diseases Division, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria.
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