Pseudo-allergic reactions induced by Chinese medicine injections: a review.

Traditional Chinese medicine injections (TCMIs) is a new dosage form of Chinese medicine, which plays a unique role in rescuing patients with critical illnesses that are difficult to replace. With the rapid development and widespread application of TCMIs in recent years, their adverse events have emerged and attracted much attention. Among them, pseudo-allergic reactions, i.e., the most significant adverse reactions occurring with the first dose without immunoglobulin E mediated conditions. Currently, studies on the types of TCMIs and antibiotic mechanisms that cause pseudo-allergic reactions are incomplete, and standard models and technical guidelines for assessing TCMIs have not been established. First, this review describes the causes of pseudo-allergic reactions, in which the components and structures responsible for pseudo-allergic reactions are summarized. Second, the mechanisms by which pseudo-allergic reactions are discussed, including direct stimulation of mast cells and complement activation. Then, research models of pseudo-allergic reaction diseases are reviewed, including animal models and cellular models. Finally, the outlook and future challenges for the development of pseudo-allergic reactions in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are outlined. This shed new light on the assessment and risk prevention of pseudo-allergic reactions in TCM and the prevention of clinical adverse reactions in TCM.