Tailored chitosan/glycerol micropatterned composite dressings by 3D printing for improved wound healing.

Wound infection control is a primary clinical concern nowadays. Various innovative solutions have been developed to fabricate adaptable wound dressings with better control of infected wound healing. This work presents a facile approach by leveraging 3D printing to fabricate chitosan/glycerol into composite dressings with tailored micropatterns to improve wound healing. The bioinks of chitosan/glycerol were investigated as suitable for 3D printing. Then, three tailored micropatterns (i.e., sheet, strip, and mesh) with precise geometry control were 3D printed onto a commercial dressing to fabricate the micropatterned composite dressings. In vitro and in vivo studies indicate that these micropatterned dressings could speed up wound healing due to their increased water uptake capacity (up to ca. 16-fold@2 min), benign cytotoxicity (76.7 % to 90.4 % of cell viability), minor hemolytic activity (<1 %), faster blood coagulation effects (within 76.3 s), low blood coagulation index (14.5 % to 18.7 % @ 6 min), enhanced antibacterial properties (81.0 % to 86.1 % against S. aureus, 83.7 % to 96.5 % against E. coli), and effective inhibition of wound inflammation factors of IL-1β and TNF-α. Such tailored micropatterned composite dressing is facile to obtain, highly reproducible, and cost-efficient, making it a promising implication for improved and personalized contaminated wound healing.