Temperature sensitive nanogel-stabilized pickering emulsion of fluoroalkane for ultrasound guiding vascular embolization therapy.

Various X-ray imaging technologies like computed tomography (CT) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) are widely used in transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) therapy for treating hepatocellular cancer (HCC) patients. Although they display high-contrast imaging, they have a few disadvantages, such as complex operation and exposure to ionizing radiation. Thus, ultrasound (US) imaging plays an important role in medical diagnosis because of its advantages, like simple and fast operation, no ionizing radiation exposure, and accurate real-time imaging. Subsequently, Poly N-isopropylacrylamide-co-2,2,3,4,4,4-Hexafluorobutyl methacrylate (PNF) nanogels were synthesized for stabilizing TGFPE, the Pickering emulsions of 2H, 3H-decafluoropentane (HDFP). These emulsions displayed dual abilities of thermosensitive sol-gel transition and long-term US imaging in vitro. Thus, it was concluded that these emulsions could achieve vascular embolization and long-term US imaging in vivo as per the TAE animal model results. The emulsion droplets' flow and accumulation were visualized under the US imaging guidance. In summary, the Pickering emulsions have the potential to be used as US-guided embolization material for mediating TAE surgeries.