Improvements in operant memory of are correlated with age and specific gene expression.

The transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein () is expressed as an immediate early gene in the cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) mediated gene cascade, and it has essential functions in the synaptic consolidation of memory following a learning event. Synaptic consolidation primarily involves morphological changes at neuronal synapses, which are facilitated through the reorganization of the actin and microtubular cytoarchitecture of the cell. During early nervous system development, the transmembrane synaptic protein teneurin acts directly upon neuronal presynaptic microtubules and postsynaptic spectrin-based cytoskeletons to facilitate the creation of new synapses. It is reasonable to hypothesize that may also be linked to learning-induced synaptic changes and is a potential candidate to be a later gene expressed in the CREB-mediated gene cascade downstream of . To assess the role of and in learning and memory in the marine snail , young (age 7-8 months) and aged (age 13-15 months; aging stage AII) siblings of Aplysia were trained in an operant conditioning paradigm-learning food is inedible (LFI)-over 2 days, during which they learned to modify the feeding reflex. Aged had enhanced performance of the LFI task on the second day than younger siblings although far more aged animals were excluded from the analysis because of the initial failure in learning to recognize the inedible probe. After 2 days of training, mRNA and mRNA were quantified in selected neurons of the buccal ganglia, the locus of neural circuits in LFI. expression was elevated in aged compared to young siblings regardless of training. expression was significantly higher in untrained aged animals than in untrained young siblings but decreased in trained aged animals compared to untrained aged animals. Elevated levels of and mRNA before training may have contributed to the enhancement of LFI performance in the aged animals that successfully learned.