The role of patient-oriented mHealth interventions in improving heart failure outcomes: A systematic review of the literature.

Heart failure (HF) is a debilitating disease with 26 million patients worldwide. Consistent and complex self-care is required on the part of patients to adequately adhere to medication and to the lifestyle changes that the disease necessitates. Mobile health (mHealth) is being increasingly incorporated in patient interventions in HF, as smartphones prove to be ideal platforms for patient education and self-help assistance. This systematic review aims to summarize and report on all studies that have tested the effect of mHealth on HF patient outcomes. Our search yielded 17 studies, namely 11 randomized controlled trials and six non-randomized prospective studies. In these, patients with the assistance of an mHealth intervention regularly measured their blood pressure and/or body weight and assessed their symptoms. The outcomes were mostly related to hospitalizations, clinical biomarkers, patients' knowledge about HF, quality of life (QoL) and quality of self-care. QoL consistently increased in patients who received mHealth interventions, while study results on all other outcomes were not as ubiquitously positive. The first mHealth interventions in HF were not universally successful in improving patient outcomes but provided valuable insights for patient-oriented application development. Future trials are expected to build on these insights and deploy applications that measurably assist HF patients.