Enhancing bone scaffold interfacial reinforcement through in situ growth of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) on strontium carbonate: Achieving high strength and osteoimmunomodulation.

Bioceramics have been extensively used to improve osteogenesis of polymers because of their excellent bone-forming capabilities. However, the inadequate interfacial bonding between ceramics and polymers compromises their mechanical properties. In this study, zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) was grown in situ on strontium carbonate (SrCO) to construct a core-shell SrCO@ZIF-8, which was then added to poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) to print a SrCO@ZIF-8/PLLA composite scaffold using selective sintering technology. First, ZIF-8 characterized by its multiple organic ligands, forms a robust interface with PLLA. Second, SrCO characterized by its negative zeta potential in solution, exhibits the ability to adsorb positively charged zinc ions. This, in turn, promotes the in situ growth of ZIF-8 on SrCO, eventually achieving perfect bonding between the second phase and the PLLA matrix. Our findings indicated that the composite scaffold exhibited the highest compressive strength (21.93 MPa) and significantly promoted the osteogenic differentiation of mouse mesenchymal stem cells. Moreover, the in vivo results established that the SrCO@ZIF-8/PLLA scaffold significantly accelerated bone regeneration efficiency in rat femur defects. The prepared scaffold, with its favorable mechanical properties and osteogenic activity, shows considerable promise for applications in bone repair.