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Maternal infection during pregnancy and childhood social trauma have been associated with neurodevelopmental and affective disorders, such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, bipolar disorder and depression. These disorders are characterized by changes in microglial cells, which play a notable role in synaptic pruning, and synaptic deficits. Here, we investigated the effect of prenatal infection and social adversity during adolescence - either alone or in combination - on behavior, microglia, and synaptic density. Male offspring of pregnant rats injected with poly I:C, mimicking prenatal infection, were exposed to repeated social defeat during adolescence. We found that maternal infection during pregnancy prevented the reduction in social behavior and increase in anxiety induced by social adversity during adolescence. Furthermore, maternal infection and social adversity, alone or in combination, induced hyperlocomotion in adulthood. Longitudinal in vivo imaging with [C]PBR28 positron emission tomography revealed that prenatal infection alone and social adversity during adolescence alone induced a transient increase in translocator protein TSPO density, an indicator of glial reactivity, whereas their combination induced a long-lasting increase that remained until adulthood. Furthermore, only the combination of prenatal infection and social adversity during adolescence induced an increase in microglial cell density in the frontal cortex. Prenatal infection increased proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β protein levels in hippocampus and social adversity reduced anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 protein levels in hippocampus during adulthood. This reduction in IL-10 was prevented if rats were previously exposed to prenatal infection. Adult offspring exposed to prenatal infection or adolescent social adversity had a higher synaptic density in the frontal cortex, but not hippocampus, as evaluated by synaptophysin density. Interestingly, such an increase in synaptic density was not observed in rats exposed to the combination of prenatal infection and social adversity, perhaps due to the long-lasting increase in microglial density, which may lead to an increase in microglial synaptic pruning. These findings suggest that changes in microglia activity and cytokine release induced by prenatal infection and social adversity during adolescence may be related to a reduced synaptic pruning, resulting in a higher synaptic density and behavioral changes in adulthood.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100580 | DOI Listing |
Front Public Health
December 2024
Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Maternal immunization is a valuable tool for protecting mother and unborn child from vaccine-preventable diseases. However, the implementation of strategies for vaccinating pregnant women has only recently gained traction. This work is aimed at providing an overview of European vaccination strategies and gathering evidence on interventions enhancing vaccination knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (KAB) in pregnant women.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJAMA Netw Open
December 2024
Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
Importance: Access to appropriate postpartum care is essential for improving maternal health outcomes and promoting maternal health equity.
Objective: To analyze the impact of the Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP) home visiting program on use of routine and emergency postpartum care.
Design, Setting, And Participants: This study was a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial that enrolled eligible participants between 2016 and 2020 to receive NFP or usual care from a South Carolina Medicaid program.
World J Exp Med
December 2024
Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health burden. In HBV endemic regions, high prevalence is also correlated with the infections acquired in infancy through perinatal transmission or early childhood exposure to HBV, the so-called mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). Children who are infected with HBV at a young age are at higher risk of developing chronic HBV infection than those infected as adults, which may lead to worse clinical outcome.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: With the COVID-19 emergency, the provision of healthcare had to be reorganized. Community Health Services for Families of Trieste adopted new methods to ensure continuity of care and the maintenance of the Standards and Good Practices of the Baby Friendly Initiative of UNICEF for the Birth Care Pathway. The aim of the study was to identify the perceived needs of women, couples, caregivers, and health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic and evaluate new healthcare strategies, identifying weaknesses and strengths, and future developments.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFReprod Toxicol
December 2024
Labcorp, Münster, Germany.
Rozanolixizumab, a humanised immunoglobulin (Ig) G4 monoclonal antibody that selectively inhibits binding of IgG to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), was evaluated in an embryo-foetal enhanced pre- and postnatal development (ePPND) study. Pregnant female cynomolgus monkeys (19 per group) received subcutaneous rozanolixizumab 50mg/kg or 150mg/kg or vehicle every 3 days from gestation day 20 until delivery. The proportion of pregnancy losses was 15.
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