Genetic variability of the honey bee mite, Varroa destructor, from a humid continental climatic region of Canada, and temperate and tropical climatic regions of Mexico.

Varroa destructor is a damaging mite of Western honey bees (Apis mellifera). Genetic variability of the mite in different regions of the world could be related to the movement of infested bees or other factors, such as climate. In this study, V. destructor samples were collected from tropical and temperate climate regions of Mexico, and a humid continental climate region of Canada. COX-1 AFLPs showed that all the mites were the Korean haplotype. Four microsatellites revealed nine haplogroups from the continental climate region of Canada, compared to three haplogroups from the tropical and temperate climate regions of Mexico. CytII-ATP sequences showed seven haplogroups from the humid continental climate region vs. two haplogroups from the temperate region and one haplogroup from the tropical region. CytB sequences revealed seven haplogroups from Canada vs. three from Mexico. A comparison of the cytB sequences of the samples from Canada and Mexico to those from a worldwide collection showed that one sequence, designated the cytB1 type, predominated, comprising 57% of the 86 sequences; it clustered with similar sequences that comprised 80% of the sequences, designated family A. CytB1 was predominant in Mexico, but not in Canada. The other 20% of sequences were in families B and C, and all those samples originated from East and Southeast Asia. The microsatellite, cytII-ATP, and cytB markers, all showed higher variability in mites collected in Canada than in Mexico, which could be related to the cooler climate or an earlier invasion and/or multiple mite invasions in Canada.