Co-Occurring Anxiety in Youth with Tic Disorders: A Review.

To review the current state of the literature regarding anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders in chronic tic disorder (CTD). We conducted a literature search on anxiety and tic disorders. Anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders are common in youth with CTD, with ∼30%-50% of youth with CTD having at least one co-occurring anxiety disorder. Tics often improve by young adulthood but anxiety symptoms tend to persist, or worsen, over time. Anxiety and tics are closely related, but the exact nature of their relationship is poorly understood. We discuss some potential ways in which anxiety and tics are linked with an emphasis on the underlying brain circuitry involved. The relationship between anxiety and tics may be related to the premonitory urge. In addition, stress hormones may link anxiety and tics. Individuals with CTD have greater activation of their hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system in response to acute stress. We also review the impact of anxiety on youth with CTD and approaches to management of anxiety in youth. Anxiety is common in youth with CTD, is associated with more severe CTD, and can adversely affect a child's function. Thus, it is important to identify anxiety disorders in CTD and manage them appropriately.