Mixed infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) consists in the simultaneous coexistence in the same patient of two different strains of Mtb or 2 different variants of the same strain. When one of the variants selects for resistance mutations, it is called monoclonal heteroresistance (HTR); if there are 2 different strains, one sensitive and one resistant (or with different resistance patterns), it is called polyclonal HTR. Three cases of HIV/AIDS patients are presented, all with repeated treatment adherence problems, in whom monoclonal HTR was diagnosed through Mtb complete genomic sequentiation with the coexistence of two variants of the same strain isolated from samples from lung and lymph nodes, with different resistance profiles in each case. It is important to consider the possibility of HTR, especially in patients with multiple previous therapeutic attempts and high bacillary populations, such as in advanced AIDS, since this situation potentially compromises treatment results by coexisting sensitive and resistant variants of a strain (or strains).
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