A 1-D model to retrieve the vertical profiles of minor atmospheric constituents for cloud microphysical modelling: III. Disturbed weather situations.

A hybrid Monte-Carlo Gear solver developed earlier has been improvised to retrieve the vertical profiles of CH and NO during disturbed weather situations such as western disturbances, tropical cyclones, and heavy rainfall events over the megacities: Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, and Mumbai. Due to rapid changes in the temperature during the passage of these systems over megacities, the percentage differences of CH and NO number concentrations were more compared to the Community Long-term Infrared Microwave Coupled Atmospheric Product System (CLIMCAPS). Therefore, the hybrid solver has been modified by improving maximum likelihood estimates of vertical temperature profiles. The number concentrations of CH and NO during these weather events since 2012 are obtained from the CLIMCAPS dataset for bias correction. It is found that the modified methodology has improved the retrieval of CH and NO vertical profiles by reducing the error percentages during daytime and nighttime over these megacities. The percentage error in estimated number concentrations of CH and NO significantly reduced during (i) the passage of the western disturbance and rainy days of August 2020 over Delhi; (ii) the rainy days of June 2020 over Kolkata; (iii) the influence of supercyclonic storm Amphan (24 and 25 Nov 2020) over Chennai and (iv) rainy days of July 2020 over Mumbai. Implementing this solver in the global model may retrieve the number concentrations more accurately.