Satellite glial cells in sensory ganglia play a wider role in chronic pain via multiple mechanisms.

Satellite glial cells are unique glial cells that surround the cell body of primary sensory neurons. An increasing body of evidence suggests that in the presence of inflammation and nerve damage, a significant number of satellite glial cells become activated, thus triggering a series of functional changes. This suggests that satellite glial cells are closely related to the occurrence of chronic pain. In this review, we first summarize the morphological structure, molecular markers, and physiological functions of satellite glial cells. Then, we clarify the multiple key roles of satellite glial cells in chronic pain, including gap junction hemichannel Cx43, membrane channel Pannexin1, K channel subunit 4.1, ATP, purinergic P2 receptors, and a series of additional factors and their receptors, including tumor necrosis factor, glutamate, endothelin, and bradykinin. Finally, we propose that future research should focus on the specific sorting of satellite glial cells, and identify genomic differences between physiological and pathological conditions. This review provides an important perspective for clarifying mechanisms underlying the peripheral regulation of chronic pain and will facilitate the formulation of new treatment plans for chronic pain.