A review of cost-effectiveness analysis: From theory to clinical practice.

Cost-effectiveness analysis has long been practiced; registries date back to the United States of America War Department in 1886. In addition, everyone does intuitive cost-effectiveness analyses in their daily lives. In routine medical care, health economic assessment becomes increasingly important due to progressively limited resources, rising demands, population increases, and continuous therapeutic innovations. The health economic assessment must analyze the outcomes and costs of actions and technologies as objectively as possible to guarantee efficient assessment of novel interventions for Public Health Policy. In other words, it is necessary to determine how much society or patients are willing to or able to pay for novel interventions compared with existing alternatives, given the available resources. In addition, increased cost may displace other health care services already provided in case of fixed budget health care systems. To conduct such analyses, researchers must use standard methodologies and interpretations in light of regional characteristics according to social and economic determinants as well as clinical practice. Such an approach may be essential for transforming the current healthcare system to a value-based model. In this narrative review, concepts of the importance of and some approaches to health economic evaluation in clinical practice will be discussed.