Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04360 Mexico City,Mexico.
Published: October 2023
AI Article Synopsis
Article Abstract
Important bacterial pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa produce several exoproducts such as siderophores, degradative enzymes, biosurfactants, and exopolysaccharides that are used extracellularly, benefiting all members of the population, hence being public goods. Since the production of public goods is a cooperative trait, it is in principle susceptible to cheating by individuals in the population who do not invest in their production, but use their benefits, hence increasing their fitness at the expense of the cooperators' fitness. Among the most studied virulence factors susceptible to cheating are siderophores and exoproteases, with several studies in vitro and some in animal infection models. In addition to these two well-known examples, cheating with other virulence factors such as exopolysaccharides, biosurfactants, eDNA production, secretion systems, and biofilm formation has also been studied. In this review, we discuss the evidence of the susceptibility of each of those virulence factors to cheating, as well as the mechanisms that counteract this behavior and the possible consequences for bacterial virulence.
Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue No. 1800, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
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