This study investigated functional bacteria, key enzymes, and nitrogen metabolism in vertical flow constructed wetlands (CWs) after exposing to silver, silver sulfide nanoparticles (Ag NPs and AgS NPs), and silver iron (Ag), and silver spatial distribution in CWs for 155 days. Ag NPs and AgS NPs affected species richness and diversity whereas Ag showed the higher the species diversity indices. Sequencing analysis exhibited that Ag NPs or Ag significantly inhibited nitrogen metabolic process by hindering the relative activity of functional enzymes, downregulating relative abundances of nrfA, norB and napA for Ag NPs, nxrA gene for Ag, while AgS NPs inhibited relative abundance of nirA. The above results confirmed that NPs or Ag significantly reduced nitrogen removal and Ag NPs mainly inhibited NO-N removal while Ag significantly suppressed NH-N removal. This study also found that CWs could effectively remove NPs or Ag (about 98 %), and nanoparticles showed higher translocation factors (TFs) values (0.81-1.15 or 0.36), indicating nanoparticles transported easily through substrate layers.
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