Comparative studies on the aggregate formation of synthesized zwitterionic gemini and monomeric surfactants in the presence of the amphiphilic antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine hydrochloride in aqueous solution: an experimental and theoretical approach.

The formation of aggregates, which are widely used in the field of biochemistry and the medical industry, was studied with different compositions of alkyl betaine gemini surfactant (CAb) in conjugation with chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZ). The results were compared with those of a single-chain zwitterionic surfactant (CDmCB) of the same type with CPZ. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods were used to distinguish the aggregates for the CPZ/CAb system in aqueous solutions above a certain mole fraction of the drug CPZ ( = 0.2). Time-resolved fluorescence decay measurements of acridine orange revealed relative polarity near the head group regions of mixed micelle (CPZ/CAb and CPZ/CDmCB) systems. The hydrophilic environment around the head group regions of the CPZ/CAb system was different from that in the case of the CPZ/CDmCB system. On the other hand, several theoretical models were employed (Clint, Rubingh, Motomura, and SPB) for mixed micellar systems to elucidate the different interaction parameters. Such a systematic study of a zwitterionic gemini amphiphile and its interaction with other amphiphiles and an amphiphilic drug molecule is rare in the literature.