Genes Upregulated by Operant Conditioning of Escape Behavior in the Pond Snail .

The pond snail is capable of learning by both classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Although operant conditioning related to escape behavior with punishment has been examined by some research groups, the molecular mechanisms are not known. In the present study, we examined changes in the expression levels of cAMP-response element binding protein 1 (CREB1), CREB2, CREB-binding protein (CBP), and monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the central nervous system (CNS) using real-time PCR following operant conditioning of escape behavior. CREB1 and CREB2 are transcription factors involved in long-term memory in ; CBP is a coactivator with CREB1; and MAO is a degrading enzyme for monoamines (e.g., serotonin) with important roles in learning and memory in . In operant conditioning, the punishment cohort, in which snails escaping from the container encountered aversive KCl, exhibited significantly fewer escape attempts than the control cohort, in which snails escaping from the container encountered distilled water, during both the training and memory test periods. After the operant conditioning, CREB1 and CREB2 were upregulated, and the ratio of CREB1/CREB2 was also increased, suggesting that the operant conditioning of escape behavior involves these factors. MAO was also upregulated, suggesting that the content of monoamines such as serotonin in the CNS decreased. The upregulated genes identified in the present study will help to further elucidate learning and memory mechanisms in .