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Alzheimers Dement
December 2024
Nova Southeastern Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine - TBR, Clearwater, FL, USA.
Background: Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that manifests as memory impairment, cognitive decline, and dementia. Of the preventive measures that exist for AD, research has been ongoing for modifiable risk factors, particularly obesity. The obesity paradox suggests that midlife obesity is a risk factor for AD, while later-life obesity is a protective measure against AD.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Cardiovascular (CV) risk factors are associated with increased dementia risk, but their effects on cognition in the oldest-old (90+) are not well studied. CV risk factors may appear to be protective against dementia due to reverse causation when they are measured during dementia process. To clarify this, we studied CV risk factors measured both at midlife and old age, with 48 years of follow-up.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatments targeting disease modification face a development paradox: the cascade of events that lead to AD may already have irreversible consequences at diagnosis, so the most treatable patients won't progress enough to show significance at a sample size or timeframe that most sponsors can afford. Though monoclonal antibodies (mABs) have seen some recent success, the limitations of mABs have led many to consider designs that either build on the success of mABs, or start earlier in disease progression by pursuing secondary prevention for subclinical patients, or primary prevention. We present statistical considerations for these designs with enrichment strategies.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSonic Hedgehog signaling regulates the optimal differentiation pace from early-stage mesoderm to cardiogenic mesoderm in mice.
Dev Growth Differ
January 2025
Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), encoding an extracellular signaling molecule, is vital for heart development. Shh null mutants show congenital heart disease due to left-right asymmetry defects stemming from functional anomaly in the midline structure in mice. Shh signaling is also known to affect cardiomyocyte differentiation, endocardium development, and heart morphogenesis, particularly in second heart field (SHF) cardiac progenitor cells that contribute to the right ventricle, outflow tract, and parts of the atrium.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCopper homeostasis; A rapier between mycobacteria and macrophages.
FASEB Bioadv
January 2025
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University Dongguan Guangdong China.
Copper is a vital trace element crucial for mediating interactions between and macrophages. Within these immune cells, copper modulates oxidative stress responses and signaling pathways, enhancing macrophage immune functions and facilitating clearance. Conversely, copper may promote escape from macrophages through various mechanisms: inhibiting macrophage activity, diminishing phagocytic and bactericidal capacities, and supporting survival and proliferation.
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