Cardiorespiratory coupling in the bottlenose dolphin ().

The bottlenose dolphin () is an intermittent breather, where the breath begins with an exhalation followed by inhalation and an extended inter-breath interval ranging from 10 to 40 s. Breathing has been shown to alter both the instantaneous heart rate (i ) and stroke volume (iSV) in the bottlenose dolphin, with a transitory ventilatory tachycardia following the breath, and an exponential decrease to a stable i around 40 beats • min during the inter-breath period. As the total breath duration in the dolphin is around 1 s, it is not possible to assess the contribution of exhalation and inhalation to these changes in cardiac function during normal breathing. In the current study, we evaluated the i response by separating expiration and inspiration of a breath, which allowed us to distinguish their respective contribution to the changes in i . We studied 3 individual male bottlenose dolphins trained to hold their breath between the different respiratory phases (expiration and inhalation). Our data show that inspiration causes an increase in i , while expiration appears to result in a decrease in i . These data provide improved understanding of the cardiorespiratory coupling in dolphins, and show how both exhalation and inhalation alters i .