Uncovering nutritional metabolites and candidate genes involved in flavonoid metabolism in Houttuynia cordata through combined metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses.

The perennial herb Houttuynia cordata has long been cultivated and used as medicinal and edible plant in Asia. Nowadays, increasing attention is attracted due to its numerous health benefits. Flavonoids are the main chemical constituents exerting pharmacological activities. In the present study, we investigated both metabolome and transcriptome of two H. cordata accessions (6 and 7) with distinct flavonoids contents. In total 397 metabolites, i.e., 220 flavonoids, 92 amino acids and derivatives, 20 vitamins, and 65 saccharides were abundant in aboveground part. Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside and quercetin-3-O-galactoside were the most abundant flavonoids, which can be categorized into seven classes, namely anthocyanidins, chalcones, flavanols, flavanones, flavanonols, flavones, and flavonols. Flavonols was the most abundant group. Contents of 112 flavonoids differed significantly between the two accessions, with catechin-(7,8-bc)-4α-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-dihydro-2-(3H)-one, cinchonain Id, and cinchonain Ic being the dominant flavonoid metabolites among them. Pinocembrin-7-O-neohesperidoside, pinocembrin-7-O-rutinoside, and kaempferol-3-O-galactoside-4'-O-glucoside were uniquely abundant in accession 7. Transcriptome data revealed a total of 110 different expressed genes related to flavonoid metabolism, with more highly expressed genes observed in 7#. We annotated a total of 19 differential flavonoid metabolites and 34 differentially expressed genes that are associated with the flavonoid metabolic network. Based on the transcriptome and qPCR data a total of 8 key candidate genes involved in flavonoid metabolism were identified. The ANS gene were found to play an important role in the synthesis of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, while the CHI, F3'H and FLS genes were mainly responsible for controlling the levels of flavanones, flavones, and flavonols, respectively. Collectively, the present study provides important insights into the molecular mechanism underlying flavonoid metabolism in H. cordata.