Mechanism and applications of bidirectional extracellular electron transfer of .

Electrochemically active microorganisms (EAMs) play an important role in the fields of environment and energy. is the most common EAM. Research into contributes to a deeper comprehension of EAMs and expands practical applications. In this review, the outward and inward extracellular electron transfer (EET) mechanisms of are summarized and the roles of riboflavin in outward and inward EET are compared. Then, four methods for the enhancement of EET performance are discussed, focusing on riboflavin, intracellular reducing force, biofilm formation and substrate spectrum, respectively. Finally, the applications of in the environment are classified, and the restrictions are discussed. Potential solutions and promising prospects for are also provided.