Exploring the relative importance of different routes in SARS-CoV-2 transmission is crucial in infection prevention. However, even in the same environmental setting, the relative importance of different routes has varied in different studies. We hypothesize that respiratory aerosol size and number distribution might play a key role. In this study, size and number distribution of respiratory droplets emitted from breathing, talking, and coughing were identified from PubMed and Web of Science. The infection risk of SARS-CoV-2 via airborne, droplet, and fomite transmission routes was modeled in a household and a healthcare setting. The relative importance of three routes varied with different size distributions in both settings. Generally, the contribution of the airborne route increased with the volume percentage of respirable droplets emitted. And the increase of the total number of emitted droplets leads to an increase in the contribution of tdroplet route. In the healthcare setting, as the total number of emitted droplets increased from 110 to 4,973, the contribution of droplet route increased from 62.24% to 98.11%. Next, by considering the combination of breathing, coughing, and talking when the infected person was asymptomatic, the airborne route predominated over the droplet and contact routes. When the infected person had developed symptoms, that is, cough, the droplet route played a dominant role in SARS-CoV-2 transmission. In conclusion, risk analyses will be improved with improved sampling methods that enable characterization of viruses within respiratory droplets of different sizes.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.14227 | DOI Listing |
Surgery
January 2025
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy; Department of Hepatobiliary & General Surgery, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy. Electronic address:
Background: Communicating vessels among hepatic veins in patients with tumors invading/compressing hepatic veins at their caval confluence facilitate new surgical solutions. Although their recognition by intraoperative ultrasound has been described, the possibility of preoperative detection still remains uncertain. We aimed to develop a model to predict their presence before surgery.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFLangmuir
January 2025
Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States.
Accurate models for predicting drop dynamics, such as maximum drop departure sizes, are crucial for estimating heat transfer rates during condensation on superhydrophobic (SH) surfaces. Previous studies have focused on examining the heat transfer rates for SH surfaces under the influence of gravity or vapor flowing over the surface. This study investigates the impact of surface solid fraction and texture scale on drop mobility in a condensing environment with a humid air flow.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPLoS One
January 2025
School of Pharmaceutical Economics and Management, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.
The evolution of the spatiotemporal relationship between urban economic growth and health resources within the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration provides an important context for understanding the regional development dynamics in China. Previous studies focused on equity in health-resource allocation and service efficiency, often overlooking the allometric growth relationships between health resources and economic variables. This study employs an allometric growth model to elucidate the changing interactions between the number of medical beds, doctors, and urban economic indicators in the Yangtze River Delta region from 2009 to 2022.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPLoS One
January 2025
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia.
Background: Under-five mortality continues to be a serious public health concern in low-and middle-income countries, particularly in Africa. This study investigates the probability of under-five survival and its predictors of mortality in the African continent using a recent demographic health survey from 2014-2022.
Methods: This study utilized recent Demographic and Health Survey data from 30 African countries, encompassing 226,862 live births.
J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater
February 2025
Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
Schistosomiasis, caused by Schistosoma worms, is a major neglected tropical disease in Africa, this disease is ranked as second after malaria. Nanotechnology is important for treating schistosomiasis while minimizing chemotherapy side effects. The current investigate aimed to assess the effectiveness of biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), which were used for the first time in an attempt to find alternative treatment for schistosomiasis and synthesized by Origanum majorana, and to compare them with praziquantel (PZQ), the only chemical treatment approved by the World Health Organization.
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