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Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 177
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: session_start(): Failed to read session data: user (path: /var/lib/php/sessions)
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 137
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09&a=1): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 197
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 197
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 271
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 1057
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3175
Function: GetPubMedArticleOutput_2016
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 575
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 489
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent involuntary muscle contractions, which is also seen in an advanced stage of Parkinson's disease (PD) as camptocormia, torticollis, and Pisa syndrome. Istradefylline, an adenosine A receptor antagonist, can be used for the treatment of PD to reduce 'off'-time period, and several clinical studies demonstrated the improvement of camptocormia, which have many similar features to dopa-responsive/non-responsive dystonia. Many animal models of dystonia showed that adenosine A receptor colocalized with dopamine D2 positive spiny projection neurons in indirect pathway of basal ganglia circuit, and also in the cholinergic interneurons that affects the balance of indirect and direct pathway of basal ganglia. In this chapter, the potential effect of adenosine A antagonism on dystonia was discussed in view of clinical studies of PD with postural abnormalities and the findings of dystonia mouse models.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2023.06.001 | DOI Listing |
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