Beneficial or harmful: Time-dependent hormesis induced by typical disinfectants and their mixtures with toxicological interaction.

Sci Total Environ

Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.

Published: December 2023

Disinfectants and their mixtures can induce hormesis. However, how the mixture hormesis is related to those of components and the interactions in disinfectant mixtures remain unclear. In this paper, the luminescence inhibition toxicities of chlorinated sodium phosphate (CSP), dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium bromide (DOB), dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (DOC), ethanol (EtOH), glutaraldehyde (GLA), hydrogen peroxide (HO), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), n-propanol (NPA), and 20 mixture rays in four mixture systems (EtOH-HO, DOB-HO, DOC-EtOH, and EtOH-IPA-NPA) containing at least one component showing hormesis to Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 (Q67) were determined at 0.25, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h. The synergism-antagonism heatmap based on independent action model (noted as SAHmap) was developed to systematically evaluate the interactions in various mixtures. It was shown that five disinfectants (CSP, EtOH, HO, NPA, and IPA) and 17 mixture rays exhibited time-dependent hormesis. The hormetic component was responsible for the hormesis of the mixture rays. Most mixture rays showed low- concentration/dose additive action and high-concentration/dose synergism at different time. This study further exemplified the interrelationship between the hormesis in the mixtures and their components and implied the need to pay attention to the time-dependent hormesis and interactions induced by the disinfectants.

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Source
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167204DOI Listing

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