Polystyrene microplastics accumulation in lab-scale vertical flow constructed wetlands: impacts and fate.

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous pollutants that significantly threaten organisms and ecosystems. Constructed wetlands (CWs), a nature-based treatment technology, can effectively remove MPs from wastewater. However, the responses of CWs when exposed to MPs remain unclear. In this study, lab-scale vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs) were installed for receiving polystyrene (PS) MPs at concentrations of 100 μg/L and 1000 μg/L. The results showed that exposure to PS-MPs has no effects on COD and TP removal in VFCWs, but TN removal decreased by 3.69-5.37 %. Further investigation revealed that PS-MPs significantly impacted microbial communities and metabolic functions. The abundances of predominant nitrifiers (Nitrospira and Nitrosomonas) and denitrifiers (Nakamurella, Bradyrhizobium, and Bacillus) in VFCWs were significantly reduced, aligning with the responses of key enzymes. The presence of PS-MPs also decreased nitrogen removal by plant uptake, leading to decreased plant biomass and chlorophyll by 39.32-48.75 % and 5.92-32.19 %, respectively. Notably, > 90 % removal rates were observed for PS-MPs within VFCWs. In addition to PS-MPs interception by VFCWs substrate, the increase of released benzenes indicated that the PS-MPs biodegradation occurred. Such insights are vital for developing sustainable solutions to mitigate MPs' adverse effects on ecosystems.