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Microbial oxidation of environmental antimonite (Sb(III)) to antimonate (Sb(V)) is an antimony (Sb) detoxification mechanism. ST2, a bacterial isolate from a Sb-contaminated paddy soil, oxidizes Sb(III) to Sb(V) under oxic conditions by an unknown mechanism. Genomic analysis of ST2 reveals a gene of unknown function in an arsenic resistance (ars) operon that we term . The transcription level of was significantly upregulated by the addition of Sb(III). ArsO is predicted to be a flavoprotein monooxygenase but shows low sequence similarity to other flavoprotein monooxygenases. Expression of in the arsenic-hypersensitive strain AW3110Δ conferred increased resistance to Sb(III) but not arsenite (As(III)) or methylarsenite (MAs(III)). Purified ArsO catalyzes Sb(III) oxidation to Sb(V) with NADPH or NADH as the electron donor but does not oxidize As(III) or MAs(III). The purified enzyme contains flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) at a ratio of 0.62 mol of FAD/mol protein, and enzymatic activity was increased by addition of FAD. Bioinformatic analyses show that genes are widely distributed in metagenomes from different environments and are particularly abundant in environments affected by human activities. This study demonstrates that ArsO is an environmental Sb(III) oxidase that plays a significant role in the detoxification of Sb(III).
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c03458 | DOI Listing |
Environ Sci Technol
April 2024
Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, MARA, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
Trivalent arsenicals such as arsenite (As) and methylarsenite (MAs) are thought to be ubiquitous in flooded paddy soils and have higher toxicity than pentavalent forms. Fungi are widely prevalent in the rice rhizosphere, and the latter is considered a hotspot for As uptake. However, few studies have focused on alleviating As toxicity in paddy soils using fungi.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnviron Sci Technol
October 2023
Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
Microbial oxidation of environmental antimonite (Sb(III)) to antimonate (Sb(V)) is an antimony (Sb) detoxification mechanism. ST2, a bacterial isolate from a Sb-contaminated paddy soil, oxidizes Sb(III) to Sb(V) under oxic conditions by an unknown mechanism. Genomic analysis of ST2 reveals a gene of unknown function in an arsenic resistance (ars) operon that we term .
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnviron Sci Technol
October 2022
Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States.
Arsenic methylation contributes to the formation and diversity of environmental organoarsenicals, an important process in the arsenic biogeochemical cycle. The gene encoding an arsenite (As(III)) -adenosylmethionine (SAM) methyltransferase is widely distributed in members of every kingdom. A number of ArsM enzymes have been shown to have different patterns of methylation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnviron Microbiol
July 2022
Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
Trivalent methylarsenite [MAs(III)] produced by biomethylation is more toxic than inorganic arsenite [As(III)]. Hence, MAs(III) has been proposed to be a primordial antibiotic. Other bacteria evolved mechanisms to detoxify MAs(III).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnviron Microbiol
February 2022
Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
Organoarsenicals enter the environment from biogenic and anthropogenic sources. Trivalent inorganic arsenite (As(III)) is microbially methylated to more toxic methylarsenite (MAs(III)) and dimethylarsenite (DMAs(III)) that oxidize in air to MAs(V) and DMAs(V). Sources include the herbicide monosodium methylarsenate (MSMA or MAs(V)), which is microbially reduced to MAs(III), and the aromatic arsenical roxarsone (3-nitro-4-hydroxybenzenearsonic acid or Rox), an antimicrobial growth promoter for poultry and swine.
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