Probing Acid-Induced Compaction of Denatured Proteins by High-Pressure Electrospray Mass Spectrometry.

Further increase in the acidity in the most denaturing acidic solution is known to induce compaction of the fully unfolded protein into a compact molten globule. The phenomenon of "" takes place at pH ∼1 in strong acid aqueous solutions with high electrical conductivity and surface tension, a condition that is difficult to handle using conventional electrospray ionization methods for mass spectrometry. Here, high-pressure electrospray ionization (HP-ESI) is used to produce well-resolved mass spectra for proteins in strong acids with pH as low as 1. The compaction of protein conformation is indicated by a large shift in the charge state from high charges to native-like low charges. The addition of salt to the protein in the most denaturing condition also reproduces the compaction effect, thereby supporting the role of anions in this phenomenon. Similar compaction of proteins is also observed in organic solvent/acid mixtures. The charge state of the compacted protein depends on the type of anions that formed ion pairs with a positive charge on the protein. The dissociation of ion pairs during the ionization process forms neutral acids that can be observed by HP-ESI using a soft ion introduction configuration.