When performing expression analysis either for coding RNA (e.g., mRNA) or non-coding RNA (e.g., miRNA), reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a widely used method. To normalize these data, one or more stable endogenous references must be identified. RefFinder is an online web-based tool using four almost universally used algorithms for assessing candidate endogenous references-delta-Ct, BestKeeper, geNorm, and Normfinder. However, the online interface is presently cumbersome and time consuming. We developed an R package, RefSeeker, which performs easy and straightforward RefFinder analysis by enabling raw data import and calculation of stability from each of the algorithms and provides data output tools to create graphs and tables. This protocol uses RefSeeker R package for fast and simple RefFinder stability analysis. Key features Perform stability analysis using five algorithms: Normfinder, geNorm, delta-Ct, BestKeeper, and RefFinder. Identification of endogenous references for normalization of RT-qPCR data. Create publication-ready graphs and tables output. Step-by-step guide dialog window for novice R users.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.4801 | DOI Listing |
J Phys Chem A
January 2025
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, 36714 Shahrood, Iran.
This study investigates the nature and interplay of noncovalent interactions (NCIs)─tetrel bonds (TB), hydrogen bonds (HB), and halogen bonds (XB)─in molecular assemblies formed between trifluorogermyl hypochlorite (FGeOCl) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Using a combination of high-level computational methods, we explored the geometric, energetic, and electronic properties of dimers, trimers, and tetramers formed in different molar ratios of interacting reagents. Various analyses reveal a significant cooperativity between TB and HB, which mutually reinforce each other, while XB interactions are diminished in the presence of TB and HB.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDiabetes
January 2025
Department of Geriatrics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
Insulin resistance, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes, accelerates muscle breakdown and impairs energy metabolism. However, the role of Ubiquitin Specific Peptidase 2 (USP2), a key regulator of insulin resistance, in sarcopenia remains unclear. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) plays a critical role in regulating muscle atrophy.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPLoS One
January 2025
Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
The ongoing increase in the prevalence and mutation rate of the influenza virus remains a critical global health issue. A promising strategy for antiviral drug development involves targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, specifically the PB2-cap binding domain of Influenza A H5N1. This study employs an in-silico approach to inhibit this domain, crucial for viral replication, using potential inhibitors derived from marine bacterial compounds.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPLoS One
January 2025
Department of Mathematics, College of Natural and Computational Science, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Adis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the deadly infectious diseases affecting millions of individuals throughout the world. The main objective of this study is to investigate the impact of media coverage on the transmission dynamics of TB with vaccine and treatment strategy using mathematical model analysis. In the qualitative analysis of the proposed model we proved the existence, uniqueness, positivity, and boundedness of the model solutions, investigated both the disease-free and endemic equilibrium points, computed the basic and effective reproduction numbers using next generation matrix approach, analyzed the stability analysis of the equilibrium points, the backward bifurcation using the Castillo-Chavez and Song theorem and we re-formulated the corresponding optimal control problem and analyzed by applying the Pontryagin's Minimum Principle.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAdv Sci (Weinh)
January 2025
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, China.
After cyclo-pentazolate anion, a 5/6 fused structure of N is constructed, and four novel nitrogen-rich ionic compounds are assembled on its basis. The results of the quantum calculations revealed an uneven distribution of electrons on cyclo-N , with significant charge density near the N5/N9 atoms and an ADCH charge of -0.425.
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