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http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.14898DOI Listing

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Most autoinflammatory diseases are caused by mutations in innate immunity genes. Previously, four variants in the RHO GTPase CDC42 were discovered in patients affected by syndromes generally characterized by neonatal-onset of cytopenia and auto-inflammation, including hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and rash in the most severe form (NOCARH syndrome). However, the mechanisms responsible for these phenotypes remain largely elusive.

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: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare, life-threatening syndrome characterized by an uncontrolled hyperinflammatory reaction. HLH is classified into primary (familial) and secondary (acquired). Secondary HLH is commonly triggered by infections, with viral infections being a leading cause.

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Background: Inborn errors of immunity (IEI), formerly referred to as primary immunodeficiencies, manifest with a wide range of symptoms such as increased susceptibility to infections, immune dysregulation, and autoinflammation. Although most cases manifest in childhood, onset during the neonatal period is rare but potentially critical.

Summary: In this review, we discuss the diverse clinical presentations of IEI and the specific challenges they pose to neonatologists.

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