Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder of biological origin with a 70 to 80% genetic basis, which affects 5% of children and adolescents and 2.5% of adults, whose main symptoms are inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. For many years it was thought that it only affected children; currently in the DSM 5 it is accepted that it can be diagnosed in adolescents and adults. Treatment must be individualized, the main objectives are to improve the core symptoms of people with ADHD, and their quality of life. The therapeutic approach is psychological, behavioral, and pharmacological. Medications are classified as stimulants and nonstimulants, with stimulants such as methylphenidate, lisdexamfetamine, and dexamphetamine being the first line. Non-stimulants include guanfacine and atomoxetine. Treatment is essential because it improves the quality of life of the person at the family, educational, work, and social levels.
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Identification of diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Kaohsiung J Med Sci
January 2025
Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common psychiatric condition among children and adolescents, often associated with a high risk of psychiatric comorbidities. Currently, ADHD diagnosis relies exclusively on clinical presentation and patient history, underscoring the need for clinically relevant, reliable, and objective biomarkers. Such biomarkers may enable earlier diagnosis and lead to improved treatment outcomes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFunctional imaging derived ADHD biotypes based on deep clustering: a study on personalized medication therapy guidance.
EClinicalMedicine
November 2024
State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder with childhood onset, however, there is no clear correspondence established between clinical ADHD subtypes and primary medications. Identifying objective and reliable neuroimaging markers for categorizing ADHD biotypes may lead to more individualized, biotype-guided treatment.
Methods: Here we proposed a graph convolution network for biological subtype detection (GCN-BSD) using both functional network connectivity (FNC) and non-imaging phenotypic data for ADHD biotype.
Purpose: Our goals were to: 1) examine the occurrence of behavioral and emotional symptoms in children on the autism spectrum in a large national sample, stratifying by sex, and 2) evaluate whether children with increased autism-related social communication deficits also experience more behavioral and emotional problems.
Methods: Participants (n = 7,998) were from 37 cohorts from the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program. Cross-sectional information on demographic factors, parent-report of an ASD diagnosis by clinician, Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) scores, and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) scores were obtained for children aged 2.
Putative epicenters identified by transcriptome-neuromorphic interactions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder biotypes.
Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry
January 2025
The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 11, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA. Electronic address:
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogenous behavioral disorder with inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity symptoms, indicating the important implication of identifying biotypes and its epicenters in understanding disease's pathogenesis. The study investigated the neuromorphic heterogeneity relating to transcriptional similarity architecture in ADHD, and further analyzed the epicenters of network-spreading in each ADHD biotype and their correlations with clinical characteristics. Individuals with ADHD could be identified into two discriminative biotypes that exhibited distinct neuromorphic aberrances.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEvaluation of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human norepinephrine transporter (hNET) gene for structural, functional, and pathogenic significance.
Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids
January 2025
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Hitit University, Corum, Türkiye.
The norepinephrine transporter (NET) is a key regulator of noradrenergic neurotransmission and homeostasis, regulating the norepinephrine levels in the brain and peripheral tissues. hNET is a major target in neuropsychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder, autonomic dysfunction, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The human norepinephrine transporter gene (, ) contains 504 missense single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
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