Background: A hinged jaw that articulates with the skull base is a striking feature of the vertebrate head and has been greatly modified between, and within, vertebrate classes. Genes belonging to the DLX homeobox family are conserved mediators of local signaling pathways that distinguish the dorsal and ventral aspects of the first pharyngeal arch. Specifically, a subset of DLX genes are expressed in the cranial neural crest-derived mandibular ectomesenchyme in response to ventral endothelin signaling, an important step that confers the first arch with maxillary and mandibular identities. Downstream targets of DLX genes then execute the morphogenetic processes that lead to functional jaws. Identifying lineage-specific variations in DLX gene expression and the regulatory networks downstream of DLX action is necessary to understand how different kinds of jaws evolved.
Results: Here, we describe and compare the expression of all six DLX genes in the chick pharyngeal arches, focusing on the period of active patterning in the first arch. Disruption of endothelin signaling results in the down-regulation of ventral-specific DLX genes and confirms their functional role in avian jaw patterning.
Conclusions: This expression resource will be important for comparative embryology and for identifying synexpression groups of DLX-regulated genes in the chick.
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Assessing candidate DLX-regulated genes in the first pharyngeal arch of chick embryos.
Dev Dyn
January 2025
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Background: Insights into the development and evolution of asymmetrical jaws will require an understanding of the gene regulatory networks that underpin the differential morphogenesis of the maxillary and mandibular domains of the first pharyngeal arch in a variety of gnathostomes. While a robust relationship has been demonstrated between jaw patterning and the Endothelin-Dlx gene axis, much less is known of the next level of genes in the jaw patterning hierarchy.
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Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China. Electronic address:
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Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
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