Direct real-time measurements of superoxide release from skeletal muscles in rat limbs and human blood platelets using an implantable Cytochrome C microbiosensor.

Oxidative stress and excessive accumulation of the superoxide (O) anion are at the genesis of many pathological conditions and the onset of several diseases. The real time monitoring of (O) release is important to assess the extent of oxidative stress in these conditions. Herein, we present the design, fabrication and characterization of a robust (O) biosensor using a simple and straightforward procedure involving deposition of a uniform layer of L-Cysteine on a gold wire electrode to which Cytochrome C (Cyt c) was conjugated. The immobilized layers, studied using conductive Atomic Force Microscopy (c-AFM) revealed a stable and uniformly distributed redox protein on the gold surface, visualized as conductivity and surface topographical plots. The biosensor enabled detection of (O) at an applied potential of 0.15 V with a sensitivity of 42.4 nA/μM and a detection limit of 2.4 nM. Utility of the biosensor was demonstrated in measurements of real time (O) release in activated human blood platelets and skeletal rat limb muscles following ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), confirming the biosensor's stability and robustness for measurements in complex biological systems. The results demonstrate the ability of these biosensors to monitor real time release of (O) and estimate the extent of oxidative injury in models that could easily be translated to human pathologies.