knockout overcomes HLA-E-mediated inhibition and improves NK cell antitumor activity against solid tumors.

Introduction: Natural Killer (NK) cells hold the potential to shift cell therapy from a complex autologous option to a universal off-the-shelf one. Although NK cells have demonstrated efficacy and safety in the treatment of leukemia, the limited efficacy of NK cell-based immunotherapies against solid tumors still represents a major hurdle. In the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), inhibitory interactions between cancer and immune cells impair antitumoral immunity. gene encodes the NK cell inhibitory receptor NKG2A, which is a potent NK cell immune checkpoint. NKG2A specifically binds HLA-E, a non-classical HLA class I molecule frequently overexpressed in tumors, leading to the transmission of inhibitory signals that strongly impair NK cell function.

Methods: To restore NK cell cytotoxicity against HLA-E tumors, we have targeted the NKG2A/HLA-E immune checkpoint by using a CRISPR-mediated gene editing.

Results: knockout resulted in a reduction of 81% of NKG2A cell frequency in expanded human NK cells post-cell sorting. , the overexpression of HLA-E by tumor cells significantly inhibited wild-type (WT) NK cell cytotoxicity with -values ranging from 0.0071 to 0.0473 depending on tumor cell lines. In contrast, NK cells exhibited significantly higher cytotoxicity when compared to WT NK cells against four different HLA-E solid tumor cell lines, with -values ranging from<0.0001 to 0.0154. Interestingly, a proportion of 43.5% to 60.2% of NKG2A NK cells within the edited NK cell population was sufficient to reverse at its maximum the HLA-E-mediated inhibition of NK cell cytotoxicity. The expression of the activating receptor NKG2C was increased in NK cells and contributed to the improved NK cell cytotoxicity against HLA-E tumors. , the adoptive transfer of human NK cells significantly delayed tumor progression and increased survival in a xenogeneic mouse model of HLA-E metastatic breast cancer, as compared to WT NK cells ( = 0.0015).

Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that knockout is an effective strategy to improve NK cell antitumor activity against HLA-E tumors and could be applied in the development of NK cell therapy for solid tumors.