Analysis of transcription in an cystic fibrosis sputum model identifies metal restriction as a gene expression stimulus.

Chronic lung infections are a distinctive feature of cystic fibrosis (CF) pathology, that challenge adults with CF even with the advent of highly effective modulator therapies. Characterizing transcription in the CF lung and identifying factors that drive gene expression could yield novel strategies to eradicate infection or otherwise improve outcomes. To complement published gene expression studies in laboratory culture models designed to model the CF lung environment, we employed an ex vivo sputum model in which laboratory strain PAO1 was incubated in sputum from different CF donors. As part of the analysis, we compared PAO1 gene expression in this "spike-in" sputum model to that for grown in artificial sputum medium (ASM). Analyses focused on genes that were differentially expressed between sputum and ASM and genes that were most highly expressed in sputum. We present a new approach that used sets of genes with correlated expression, identified by the gene expression analysis tool eADAGE, to analyze the differential activity of pathways in grown in CF sputum from different individuals. A key characteristic of grown in expectorated CF sputum was related to zinc and iron acquisition, but this signal varied by donor sputum. In addition, a significant correlation between expression of the H1-type VI secretion system and corrector use by the sputum donor was observed. These methods may be broadly useful in looking for variable signals across clinical samples.