loss-of-function variants in families with left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy.

encodes a cardiac transcription factor that is associated with atrial septal defects. Recent studies implicate loss-of-function variants with left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC), although clinical and genetic data in families are limited. We report four families with loss-of-function variants that segregate with LVNC. Genetic testing using genome or exome sequencing was performed in index cases, variants were validated with Sanger sequencing, and cascade genetic testing was performed in family members. A multi-exon deletion, small deletion, essential splice site variant and nonsense variant in were found in four families. The index cases in two families were symptomatic children with identical congenital heart diseases and LVNC who developed different cardiomyopathy phenotypes with one developing heart failure requiring transplantation. In another family, the child index case had LVNC and congestive heart failure requiring heart transplantation. In the fourth family, the index case was a symptomatic adult with LVNC. In all families, the variants segregated in relatives with isolated LVNC, or with congenital heart disease or cardiomyopathy. Family members displayed a clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to severe presentations including heart failure. Our data strengthen loss-of-function variants as a rare cause of LVNC and support inclusion in genetic testing of LVNC.