Moral injury in psychiatric patients with personality and other clinical disorders: development, psychometric properties, and validity of the Moral Injury Events Scale-Civilian Version.

Moral injury emerges when someone perpetrates, fails to prevent, or witnesses acts that violate their own moral or ethical code. Nash et al. [(2013). Psychometric evaluation of the moral injury events scale. , (6), 646-652] developed a short measure, the Moral Injury Events Scale (MIES) to facilitate the empirical study of moral injury in the military. Our study aimed to develop a civilian version of the measure (MIES-CV) and examine its psychometric properties in a sample of psychiatric inpatients . In this cross-sectional study, the sample comprised 240 adult patients (71.7% female) with a mean age of 31.57 ( = 11.69). The most common diagnoses in the sample were anxiety disorders (58.3%), depressive disorders (53.8%), and borderline personality disorder (39.6%). Participants were diagnosed using structured clinical interviews and filled out psychological questionnaires. Exploratory factor analysis suggested that Nash et al.'s model (Perceived Transgressions, Perceived Betrayals) represents the data well. This two-factor solution showed an excellent fit in the confirmatory factor analysis, as well. Meaningful associations were observed between moral injury and psychopathology dimensions, shame, reflective functioning, well-being, and resilience. The Perceived Betrayals factor was a significant predictor of bipolar disorders, PTSD, paranoid personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, and avoidant personality disorder. Our study demonstrated that this broad version of the MIES is a valid measure of moral injury that can be applied to psychiatric patients.