Creating an indicator system for the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in communities and municipalities: Application and analysis in an Austrian case study.

Sustainability indicators should implement the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs). Indicators in literature often consider large sets of actions and are thus complex in application. Therefore, this work derives energy- and resource-related SDG indicators for communities and municipalities with low complexity. Moreover, this work analyzes three different policy paths to promote SDG contribution. The policy paths consider SDG target settings and two different incentive schemes in the form of penalties and investment subsidies. The indicators and policy actions are applied in two case studies for communities and municipalities in Austria. Therefore, an optimization model that considers the case study setups, SDG targets and policy actions is developed. The modeling approach shows applicability and positive contribution to sustainable development by indicators. Moreover, the results show the applicability of the three policy paths. Implementing the target-setting path directly leads to the desired SDG targets and provides insights into the costs for target achievement. The incentive scheme paths also lead to selected targets, but they require a cost assessment of the provided incentive schemes. A combination of both incentive schemes leads to the lowest costs. However, policymakers should implement a workflow that considers all three policy paths for policy action settings.