The Fungal Root Endophyte () Enhances Bread and Durum Wheat Performance under Boron Toxicity at Both Vegetative and Generative Stages of Development through Mechanisms Unrelated to Mineral Homeostasis.

While the importance of beneficial soil microorganisms for soil health and crop performance has been receiving ever-increasing attention, has been widely studied as a fungal root endophyte with significant potential for increasing the stress tolerance of host plants. Boron (B) toxicity as an adverse soil condition is particularly prevalent in arid and semi-arid regions and threatens crop production. Studies on -wheat symbiosis are limited, and effects of on crops have never been reported in the context of B toxicity. Here, two pot experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions to investigate the effects of on the growth and yield parameters of bread () and durum wheat () grown at different levels of B toxicity in native vs. sterilized soil, and parameters related to root colonization, membrane damage, oxidative stress, chlorophyll, and mineral nutrition were measured to elucidate the physiological mechanisms of damage and benefit. Boron toxicity decreased early vegetative growth and grain yield, but it did not affect the straw dry weight of mature plants, whereas significantly enhanced the vegetative growth, straw dry weight, and the grain number of both wheat species. Membrane damage as demonstrated by increased lipid peroxidation and relative electrolyte leakage was caused by B toxicity and alleviated by . The benefits provided by could not be attributed to any significant changes in tissue concentrations of B or other minerals such as phosphorus. Soil sterilization generally improved plant performance but it did not consistently strengthen or weaken the effects of . The presented results suggest that may be used as an effective microbial inoculant to enhance wheat growth under adverse soil conditions such as B toxicity through mechanisms that are possibly unrelated to mineral homeostasis.