Water turbidity affects the establishment of Neochetina eichhorniae (Warner) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Implications for biological control of water hyacinth.

Water hyacinth is the target of nine biological control agents in South Africa including Neochetina eichhorniae (Warner) and Neochetina bruchi (Hustache) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). These two weevils have also been released against water hyacinth in Rwanda, but failed to control the weed invasion, possibly due to high turbidity in the country's water bodies. This study therefore aimed to investigate the effect of water turbidity on the establishment and performance of N. eichhorniae in Rwanda. Turbidity levels were measured over two seasons in four Rwandan rivers and two lakes. The results were then used to benchmark laboratory trials to test the effect of turbidity on the weevils' development. Water hyacinth plants were maintained at four turbidity levels: Clear water (2 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU): low (85 NTU), medium (600 NTU) and high (1500 NTU). Each treatment plant was inoculated with three N. eichhorniae larvae, while control plants were free of larvae. Plant growth was measured weekly for three months, while adult weevil emergence was recorded from the 56th day of the experiment. The number of adults emerging from the treatment plants grown in the clear water, low, medium and high turbidity levels were 24, 21, 12 and 0, respectively. Larval feeding was greater on plants growing in clear water and the low turbidity, compared to the medium and high turbidity treatments. These results indicate that N. eichhorniae may not establish or perform well in water bodies with high levels of turbidity, which in turn enhances the growth of water hyacinth, allowing compensatory growth for weevil feeding.