The marked decrease in estrogen levels in menopausal women can cause bothersome symptoms that affect daily life. More than 75% of women experience menopausal symptoms, which can include vaginal dryness, itching, discharge, dyspareunia, mood changes, hot flushes, and night sweats. Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) is the most effective treatment for vasomotor symptoms. Benefits include decreased risk of osteoporotic fractures and vaginal atrophy, improved glycemic control, and decreased vasomotor symptoms. However, recent research on risks associated with MHT has shown increased risk of venous thromboembolism and breast cancer. MHT typically is an option for patients younger than 60 years or within 10 years of menopause onset with bothersome vasomotor symptoms. The decision to start MHT should be made on an individual basis after a thorough evaluation and counseling. Oral, intramuscular, transdermal, and intravaginal formulations are available. The goal of therapy is use of the lowest dose for the shortest time that effectively manages symptoms. The patient and physician should regularly assess the risks and benefits associated with MHT and ensure that the benefits of its use continue to outweigh the risks.
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