Structural mechanisms of the mTOR pathway.

The mTOR signaling pathway is essential for regulating cell growth and mammalian metabolism. The mTOR kinase forms two complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, which respond to external stimuli and regulate differential downstream targets. Cellular membrane-associated translocation mediates function and assembly of the mTOR complexes, and recent structural studies have begun uncovering the molecular basis by which the mTOR pathway (1) regulates signaling inputs, (2) recruits substrates, (3) localizes to biological membranes, and (4) becomes activated. Moreover, indications of dysregulated mTOR signaling are implicated in a wide range of diseases and an increasingly comprehensive understanding of structural mechanisms is driving novel translational development.