A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: Undefined array key "choices"

Filename: controllers/Detail.php

Line Number: 249

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 249
Function: _error_handler

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null

Filename: controllers/Detail.php

Line Number: 249

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 249
Function: _error_handler

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null

Filename: controllers/Detail.php

Line Number: 249

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 249
Function: _error_handler

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null

Filename: controllers/Detail.php

Line Number: 249

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 249
Function: _error_handler

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: strpos(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($haystack) of type string is deprecated

Filename: models/Detail_model.php

Line Number: 71

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/models/Detail_model.php
Line: 71
Function: strpos

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 252
Function: insertAPISummary

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: str_replace(): Passing null to parameter #3 ($subject) of type array|string is deprecated

Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php

Line Number: 8919

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 8919
Function: str_replace

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 255
Function: formatAIDetailSummary

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: Undefined array key "choices"

Filename: controllers/Detail.php

Line Number: 256

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 256
Function: _error_handler

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null

Filename: controllers/Detail.php

Line Number: 256

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 256
Function: _error_handler

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null

Filename: controllers/Detail.php

Line Number: 256

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 256
Function: _error_handler

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: Undefined array key "usage"

Filename: controllers/Detail.php

Line Number: 257

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 257
Function: _error_handler

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null

Filename: controllers/Detail.php

Line Number: 257

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 257
Function: _error_handler

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: Undefined array key "usage"

Filename: controllers/Detail.php

Line Number: 258

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 258
Function: _error_handler

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null

Filename: controllers/Detail.php

Line Number: 258

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 258
Function: _error_handler

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: Undefined array key "usage"

Filename: controllers/Detail.php

Line Number: 259

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 259
Function: _error_handler

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null

Filename: controllers/Detail.php

Line Number: 259

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 259
Function: _error_handler

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: Undefined array key "usage"

Filename: controllers/Detail.php

Line Number: 260

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 260
Function: _error_handler

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null

Filename: controllers/Detail.php

Line Number: 260

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 260
Function: _error_handler

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null

Filename: controllers/Detail.php

Line Number: 260

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 260
Function: _error_handler

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests

Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php

Line Number: 143

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3098
Function: getPubMedXML

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: Attempt to read property "Count" on bool

Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php

Line Number: 3100

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3100
Function: _error_handler

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

First Report of Causing Necrotic Spots and Leaf Blight on Rambutan in Puerto Rico. | LitMetric

First Report of Causing Necrotic Spots and Leaf Blight on Rambutan in Puerto Rico.

Plant Dis

USDA-ARS Tropical Agriculture Research Station, 57769, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico;

Published: July 2023

AI Article Synopsis

Article Abstract

Rambutan () is a tropical exotic fruit belonging to the Sapindaceae family. Several pathogens have been identified in rambutan causing different diseases on fruits, inflorescences, and branches (Serrato-Diaz et al., 2015, 2017, 2020) but few on leaves. From 2015 to 2021, a disease survey was conducted in one greenhouse in Mayaguez, Puerto Rico and experimental rambutan field orchards of the USDA-ARS Tropical Agriculture Research Station located at Isabela, Corozal, Santa Isabel, and Adjuntas, Puerto Rico (Latitude: 18°12'28"N, 18°34'10'' N, 18°00'47''N, 18°16'35''N and Longitude: 67°08'17"W, 66°31'74'' W, 66°38'98''W, 66°72'32''W, respectively). Varieties Benjai, Gula Batu, Jitlee, R-134, R-156Y, R-162, R-167 and Rongren were sampled. Necrotic spots and leaf blight were commonly observed with a disease incidence of 80%. Diseased leaves showed necrosis starting from the apex and spreading through the lamina. Ten diseased leaves were collected from each location and sections of symptomatic tissue (5mm) were disinfected and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and oatmeal agar (OA). Two representative isolates of , A3 and A4, were obtained, purified, and identified morphologically and by PCR amplifications of three nuclear genes of the Internal Transcribed Spacer ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the ribosomal DNA primers ITS5/ITS4, portions of the β tubulin (BT) primers Bt2a/Bt2b and the translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1-α) primers EF1728F/EF1986R. On PDA and OA colonies of isolates A3 and A4 were initially white and flat with sparse mycelia that turned yellowish-white to grey with age. Pycnidia were black with cream to pale yellow conidial droplets that exuded from ostioles. Hyaline, unicellular alpha conidia were oval to cylindrical, rounded at apex and obconically truncate at base. Alpha conidia (n = 50) for isolates of were 4.9 to 5.9 μm long by 2.2 - 2.5 μm wide. DNA sequences of the ITS region and partial sequences of TEF1-α and BT genes were compared by BLASTN with sequences deposited in GenBank. ITS, BT and EF1-α sequences of isolates A3 and A4 (OP219651 and OP161553 for ITS region; OP222137 and OP168832 for TEF1-α; OP222136 and OP168831 for BT, respectively) were grouped to the holotype BRIP 62248a (Bootstrap BS=100) of R.G. Shivas, Vawdrey & Y.P. Tan. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on six of six-months-old rambutan seedlings of R-167 variety. Three unwounded healthy non-detached leaves were inoculated per isolate with one 5mm mycelial disk from pure cultures grown on PDA. Rambutan seedlings were kept in a humid chamber using plastic bags for 8 days under greenhouse conditions. Two of six seedlings were used as controls and inoculated with PDA disks only. Eight and 14 days after inoculation (DAI), isolates caused necrotic spots and leaf blight, on leaves. Diseased leaves turned from light to dark brown starting from the apex and spreading through the lamina with necrotic lesions ranging in size from 5 - 10 mm. Untreated controls showed no symptoms, and no fungi were re-isolated from tissue. was re-isolated from diseased leaves, fulfilling Koch's postulates. has been reported in Taiwan causing leaf spot in Boston Ivy (Huang, C. et al., 2021) and Bodhi trees (Li, K.Y. et al., 2022), as well as Jasmin stem canker (Ching Hsu, C. et al., 2022). It has been reported as causing leaf blight of coffee (Gong, J. L., et al., 2019), kiwifruit stem canker in China (Bai et al., 2017), and most recently causing cacao pod rot in Puerto Rico (Serrato-Diaz, L.M. et al., 2022). To our knowledge, this is the first report of causing necrotic spots and leaf light on rambutan in Puerto Rico and often associated with a potassium deficiency in many parts of the world. It will be important to establish an adequate and effective control management of this disease in rambutan producing countries worldwide. References and doi hyperlinks: 1. Huang, C. et al. Plant Dis. 105:2718, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-20-2652-PDN 2. Li, K.Y. et al. Plant Dis. 0:ja, 2022 https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-01-22-0211-PDN 3. Ching Hsu, C. et al. Plant Dis. 0:ja, 2022 https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-21-1908-PDN 4. Gong, J. L., et al. Plant Dis. 104:570, 2019 https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-19-1833-PDN 5. Bai et al. Plant Dis. 101:508, 2017 https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-16-1445-PDN 6. Serrato-Diaz L.M., et al. 2015. Plant Dis. 99: 1187. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-14-0923-PDN 7. Serrato-Diaz L.M. et al. 2017. Plant Dis. 101: 1043. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-16-1557-PDN 8. Serrato-Diaz, L.M., et al. 2020. Plant Dis. 104: 105-115. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-19-0295-RE 9. Serrato-Diaz, L.M. et al. 2022 Plant Dis. 106: 2530. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-21-2634-PDN.

Download full-text PDF

Source
http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-22-2058-PDNDOI Listing

Publication Analysis

Top Keywords

plant dis
36
puerto rico
20
necrotic spots
16
spots leaf
16
leaf blight
16
diseased leaves
16
plant
9
dis
9
report causing
8
causing necrotic
8

Similar Publications

Want AI Summaries of new PubMed Abstracts delivered to your In-box?

Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Notice

Message: fwrite(): Write of 34 bytes failed with errno=28 No space left on device

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 272

Backtrace:

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: session_write_close(): Failed to write session data using user defined save handler. (session.save_path: /var/lib/php/sessions)

Filename: Unknown

Line Number: 0

Backtrace: