Virulence and genetic analysis of in the Indian sub-continent from 2016 to 2022 and evaluation of wheat varieties for stem rust resistance.

Wheat stem rust, caused by f. sp. (), has re-emerged as one of the major concerns for global wheat production since the evolution of Ug99 and other virulent pathotypes of from East Africa, Europe, Central Asia, and other regions. Host resistance is the most effective, economic, and eco-friendly approach for managing stem rust. Understanding the virulence nature, genetic diversity, origin, distribution, and evolutionary pattern of pathotypes over time and space is a prerequisite for effectively managing newly emerging isolates through host resistance. In the present study, we monitored the occurrence of stem rust of wheat in India and neighboring countries from 2016 to 2022, collected 620 single-pustule isolates of from six states of India and Nepal, analyzed them on Indian stem rust differentials, and determined their virulence phenotypes and molecular genotypes. The Ug99 type of pathotypes did not occur in India. Pathotypes 11 and 40A were most predominant during these years. Virulence phenotyping of these isolates identified 14 pathotypes, which were genotyped using 37 spp.-specific polymorphic microsatellites, followed by additional phylogenetic analyses using DARwin. These analyses identified three major molecular groups, demonstrating fewer lineages, clonality, and long-distance migration of isolates in India. Fourteen of the 40 recently released Indian wheat varieties exhibited complete resistance to all 23 pathotypes at the seedling stage. Twelve genes were postulated in 39 varieties based on their seedling response to pathotypes. The values of slow rusting parameters i.e. coefficient of infection, area under disease progress curve, and infection rates, assessed at adult plant stage at five geographically different locations during two crop seasons, indicated the slow rusting behavior of several varieties. Six genes (, , , , , and ) were identified in 24 wheat varieties using molecular markers closely linked to these genes. These findings will guide future breeding programs toward more effective management of wheat stem rust.